Subject-wise chapter notes & PYQs
By qualification
Eligibility, syllabus, exam pattern and preparation strategy for every major exam — 17 guides.
Union Public Service Commission
The UPSC NDA Exam is the national-level entrance examination for admission to the National Defence Academy and the Naval Academy through the National Defence Academy and Naval Academy Examination. It is conducted by the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) for candidates who want to begin an officer career in the Indian Armed Forces after school.
The UPSC Combined Defence Services Examination, commonly called UPSC CDS, is a national-level examination conducted by the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) for graduate candidates who want to join the Indian Armed Forces as officers. Through CDS, eligible candidates may compete for admission to the Indian Military Academy (IMA), Indian Naval Academy (INA), Air Force Academy (AFA) and Officers Training Academy (OTA), subject to the latest official notification, academy-wise eligibility, SSB recommendation, medical fitness, merit position and vacancies.
The UPSC Civil Services Examination (CSE) is the national-level competitive examination through which India recruits officers for the Indian Administrative Service (IAS), Indian Police Service (IPS), Indian Foreign Service (IFS), Indian Revenue Service and several other central civil services. For many aspirants, it is commonly called the IAS Exam, but IAS is only one of the services filled through the Civil Services Examination. The examination is conducted by the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) and is known for its wide syllabus, multi-stage selection process, low selection ratio and high public importance.
Union Public Service Commission (UPSC)
The Employees' Provident Fund Organisation (EPFO) manages the retirement savings of crores of private-sector workers. UPSC recruits two of its officer posts for it. The Enforcement Officer / Accounts Officer (EO/AO) inspects establishments for provident fund compliance or handles accounts, at Pay Level 8. The Assistant Provident Fund Commissioner (APFC) runs compliance, claims and inquiries in a regional office, at Pay Level 10. Unlike most UPSC exams, these are not held every year: UPSC advertises them when EPFO has vacancies, and recent large rounds came in 2020 and 2023. Both posts are filled through one written Recruitment Test followed by an interview, combined in a 75:25 ratio.
Staff Selection Commission (SSC)
SSC Stenographer Grade C and D is the exam for 12th-pass candidates who want a desk job as a stenographer in Central Government ministries, departments and offices. A stenographer takes dictation from officers in shorthand, types it out, and handles their correspondence and records. Grade C posts sit at Pay Level 6 and Grade D posts at Level 4. Unlike most SSC exams, there is no maths section. The written test covers reasoning, general awareness and English. A shorthand skill test then checks whether you can take dictation and type it out accurately. The skill test is qualifying, so your rank comes from the written test.
SSC CPO is the Staff Selection Commission's yearly exam for graduates who want a uniformed, officer-level job. Selected candidates join as Sub-Inspector (Executive) in Delhi Police or as Sub-Inspector in one of the five Central Armed Police Forces: BSF, CISF, CRPF, ITBP and SSB. It is the only SSC exam that combines two written papers with a physical test. Your rank comes from Paper 1 and Paper 2, while the physical standards and endurance test are pass or fail. A Sub-Inspector starts at Pay Level 6, which makes CPO one of the best-paid SSC entry points for graduates.
SSC JE recruits Junior Engineers in Civil, Electrical and Mechanical engineering for Central Government organisations such as CPWD, the Military Engineer Services (MES), the Border Roads Organisation (BRO) and the Central Water Commission. Every JE post is at Pay Level 6, whether you join with a diploma or a degree. The exam has two computer-based papers. Paper 1 is a qualifying screening test, and your final rank comes only from Paper 2, a purely technical paper in your branch. That makes your engineering subject knowledge the biggest factor in selection.
The Engineering Services Examination (ESE), still widely called IES, is UPSC's yearly exam for engineers who want a Group A officer post in the Government of India. One exam recruits for four branches: Civil, Mechanical, Electrical, and Electronics & Telecommunication. Selected engineers join services such as the Central Engineering Service of CPWD, the Military Engineer Services, Central Water and Power engineering services, the Border Roads and telecom services, and other technical departments listed in each year's notification. Selection has three stages and, unlike the Civil Services exam, all three count towards your rank: Prelims (500 marks), Mains (600 marks) and the Personality Test (200 marks), a total of 1,300. You join as an Assistant Executive Engineer or Assistant Director at Pay Level 10.
The CAPF (AC) exam is UPSC's yearly route for graduates to join the Central Armed Police Forces as Assistant Commandant, a Group A gazetted officer rank. You can be posted to the Border Security Force (BSF), Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF), Central Industrial Security Force (CISF), Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP) or Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB). As an Assistant Commandant you command a company of about 100 to 135 personnel from your first posting, on borders, in internal security duty or guarding vital installations. The written exam and the interview decide your rank; the physical and medical tests are pass or fail. The job starts at Pay Level 10, the same entry level as the Civil Services.
UPSC (Union Public Service Commission)
The Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) is India's premier constitutional recruitment body. It conducts some of the country's most respected competitive examinations for appointment to senior administrative, diplomatic, police, revenue, engineering, medical, defence, forest, and other public services under the Government of India. For lakhs of aspirants, UPSC is most closely associated with the Civil Services Examination (CSE), which recruits officers for services such as the Indian Administrative Service (IAS), Indian Police Service (IPS), Indian Foreign Service (IFS), Indian Revenue Service (IRS), Indian Audit and Accounts Service (IA&AS), and many other Group A and Group B services.
Union Public Service Commission (Government of India)
The Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) is a constitutional body established under the Constitution of India, headquartered in New Delhi. It conducts India's most prestigious national-level competitive examinations for recruitment to senior administrative, diplomatic, police, revenue, engineering, medical, defence, forest, and other Group A and Group B services under the Government of India. UPSC conducts several examinations through the year — including the Civil Services Examination (CSE), Combined Defence Services Examination (CDS), National Defence Academy and Naval Academy Examination (NDA/NA), Combined Medical Services Examination (CMS), Engineering Services Examination (ESE), Central Armed Police Forces Examination (CAPF AC), and Indian Forest Service Examination (IFoS) — each covering a distinct set of services, eligibility criteria, and exam patterns. This page is a starting point for the individual UPSC exams; see the guides below for exam-specific eligibility, pattern, syllabus, and selection process.
SSC (Staff Selection Commission)
The Staff Selection Commission (SSC) is one of India's most important Central Government recruitment organizations. It serves as a centralized recruitment agency responsible for selecting eligible candidates for a wide range of Group B (Non-Gazetted) and Group C posts in Ministries, Departments, Constitutional Bodies, Statutory Bodies, Attached Offices, Subordinate Offices, and various organizations under the Government of India. Every year, millions of aspirants from across the country prepare for SSC examinations because these examinations provide access to stable, respected, and rewarding careers in the Central Government. From clerical positions to inspectors, auditors, accountants, engineers, translators, and officers, SSC offers opportunities for candidates with educational qualifications ranging from Matriculation (10th Pass) to Graduation and beyond.
SSC GD Constable is the biggest uniformed recruitment for 10th-pass candidates in India. It fills Constable (General Duty) posts in the Central Armed Police Forces (BSF, CISF, CRPF, ITBP and SSB) and the Secretariat Security Force (SSF), and Rifleman (General Duty) posts in Assam Rifles. Every post is at Pay Level 3. Selection starts with a short computer-based test of 80 questions in 60 minutes. Candidates who clear it take a running test and a height and chest check, then a detailed medical exam. Your rank comes from the computer test, plus bonus marks if you hold an NCC certificate.
SSC MTS is the entry-level SSC exam for 10th-pass candidates. It fills two kinds of posts: Multi-Tasking Staff (MTS) in Central Government ministries, departments and offices, and Havaldar in the Central Board of Indirect Taxes and Customs (CBIC) and the Central Bureau of Narcotics (CBN). Both are at Pay Level 1. There is only one computer-based exam, split into two sessions on the same day. Session 1 (maths and reasoning) is qualifying with no negative marking. Your rank comes only from Session 2 (general awareness and English). Havaldar candidates also take a walking test and a physical measurement test.
SSC CHSL (Combined Higher Secondary Level) is the main SSC exam for 12th-pass candidates. It fills office posts in Central Government ministries, departments and offices across India: Lower Division Clerk (LDC) and Junior Secretariat Assistant (JSA) at Pay Level 2, and Data Entry Operator (DEO) at Pay Level 4. Selection has two computer-based tiers. Tier 1 is a qualifying screening test, and your rank comes from Tier 2, which also includes a typing test (for LDC/JSA) or a data entry skill test (for DEO). Those tests carry no marks, but you must pass the one for your post.
SSC CGL (Combined Graduate Level) is the Staff Selection Commission's biggest exam for graduates. One exam fills dozens of Group B and Group C posts across the Central Government: Assistant Section Officer in ministries, Inspector in CGST, Customs and Income Tax, Sub-Inspector in the CBI, Auditor, Accountant, Tax Assistant and more, from Pay Level 4 up to Level 8. Selection has two computer-based tiers. Tier 1 is a qualifying screening test, and your rank comes from Tier 2. Your post depends on your rank and the order of post preferences you give, so knowing which posts you actually want matters as much as your score.
Staff Selection Commission (Government of India)
The Staff Selection Commission (SSC) is an attached office of the Department of Personnel & Training, Government of India, headquartered in New Delhi. It was constituted to recruit staff for Group B (non-gazetted) and Group C posts across ministries, departments, and subordinate offices of the Government of India, as well as for the paramilitary and central armed police forces. SSC conducts a number of nationwide competitive examinations throughout the year — including graduate-level, higher-secondary-level, multi-tasking staff, and constable recruitment exams — each covering a distinct set of posts, eligibility criteria, and exam patterns. This page is a starting point for the individual SSC exams; see the guides below for exam-specific eligibility, pattern, syllabus, and selection process.